MINERvA (Main INjector ExpeRiment for \(\nu \)-A) at Fermilab is a dedicated experiment to illuminate the interplay between hadronic and nuclear degrees of freedom in \(\nu \)-A interactions and to measure aspects of intranuclear dynamics that are prerequisites for precision neutrino oscillation measurements. Since a theory of the complete nuclear response in neutrino–nucleus interactions in the few-GeV regime of incident neutrino energy is yet to be developed , comprehensive \(\nu \)-A measurements are needed to guide and benchmark the development of models. Neutrino–nucleus ( \(\nu \)-A) interactions arise not only from the primary nucleon-level interaction, but also from the effect that the nuclear environment exerts on the initial-state nucleons and the final-state particles. Given that current GeV-neutrino sources (accelerators or atmospheric) are not monoenergetic, these energy-sensitive interactions are convolved with the neutrino flux, causing major systematic uncertainties in precision measurements. Understanding how a neutrino interacts with a nucleus is essential for exploiting these opportunities. However, these highly penetrating particles also create background to rare-event searches (such as proton decay ) in deep underground experiments. Atmospheric neutrinos oscillate, and their oscillations undergo highly interesting alterations due to propagation through a matter field. Atmospheric neutrinos that are born in cosmic-ray-induced hadronic cascades in the upper atmosphere propagate through the Earth , presenting complications as well as opportunities for new physics searches. This possibility exists because some neutrino SM processes in detector materials have aspects that are poorly known. On the other hand, neutrinos could impede the discovery of such new forms of matter by mimicking their BSM signatures. Neutrino beams serve as potential sources of beyond-Standard-Model (BSM) particles, such as light dark matter and heavy neutral leptons . Measurement of a non-zero Dirac phase could unlock the mystery of the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the Universe. Neutrinos produced in accelerators play a central role in precision measurements of the oscillation parameters such as the Dirac CP-violating phase that may be present in the neutrino flavor-mixing matrix . Neutrinos with energies of a few GeV are involved in many different ways among phenomena that present opportunities to probe fundamental aspects of physical reality. The European Physical Journal Special Topics volume 230, pages 4243–4257 ( 2021) Cite this article Exploring neutrino–nucleus interactions in the GeV regime using MINERvA
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